{"id":87042,"date":"2019-11-27T12:12:51","date_gmt":"2019-11-27T12:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/?p=87042"},"modified":"2019-11-27T12:12:52","modified_gmt":"2019-11-27T12:12:52","slug":"avian-botulism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/avian-botulism\/","title":{"rendered":"Avian Botulism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<strong>Question: Recently in which of the following lakes of India, case of Avian Botulism has been witnessed?<\/strong>\n<br>(a)\tChilka\n<br>(b)\tSambhar\n<br>(c)\tTso Moriri\n<br>(d)\tVembnad\n<strong><br>Answer: (b)\n<br>Related facts: <\/strong>\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Avian botulism killed\nover 18,000 birds in and around Rajasthan\u2019s Sambhar lake, the Indian Veterinary\nResearch Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, said in a report released on November 21,\n2019.<\/li><li>The avian botulism that\ncaused the mass die-off at Sambhar was caused by the <strong>climate,<\/strong> according to the IVRI report.<\/li><li>Water levels were\nfluctuating throughout the year. Locals reported that due to a good monsoon\nthis year, the water level reached the lake bed after a gap of 20 years.<\/li><li>The good monsoon\nprovided a favorable environment for the bacteria to spread. The bacteria needs\nanaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions and does not grow in acidic\nconditions.<\/li><li>The temperature of the\nwater was about 25 degree Celsius. Its pH ranged between 7.4- 9.84.<\/li><li>It also requires a\nnutrient-rich substrate, like areas with large amounts of decaying plant or\nanimal materials. The monsoon brought with it a large population of <strong>crustaceans (like shrimps, crabs, and\nprawns), invertebrates (snails) and plankton (like algae).<\/strong><\/li><li>These living organisms\nare capable of hosting the bacteria for a long period of time. According to reports,\nthe bacterium is also found in the gills and digestive tracts of healthy fish.<\/li><li>It reproduces through\nspores and these spores remain dormant for years. They are resistant to\ntemperature changes and drying. Under favourable conditions, the spores are\nactivated.<\/li>\n<script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7086827700842303\" data-ad-slot=\"2662621974\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n<li>The IVRI report noted\nthat after the monsoon, when the water levels receded, there might have been an\nincrease in salinity levels which could have led to the death of these living\norganisms. At this point in time, the spores could have been activated.<\/li><li>According to another\ntheory, \u2018a bird-to-bird cycle\u2019 could also have led to the tragedy. In such an\nevent, maggots feeding on dead birds can concentrate the toxin. Birds feeding\non dead birds can get affected.<\/li><li>This was observed in\nSambhar too as researchers found only <strong>insectivorous<\/strong>\nand <strong>omnivorous birds<\/strong> affected and\nnot herbivores.<\/li><li>The IVRI report\ndiscounted external factors like water pollution and eutrophication (a body of\nwater becoming overly enriched with minerals and nutrients, in turn inducing\nexcessive growth of algae) as no farming was being carried out in the vicinity\nand the runoff from the same was not possible.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sambhar\nLake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sambhar Salt Lake is India&#8217;s<strong>&nbsp;largest\n     inland saltwater body<\/strong>&nbsp;located near Jaipur in Rajasthan.<\/li><li>The lake is&nbsp;<strong>surrounded<\/strong>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<strong>all\n     sides by the Aravali hills.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li>It is the source of most of&nbsp;<strong>Rajasthan&#8217;s\n     salt production.<\/strong><\/li><li>Sambhar has been designated as a <strong>Ramsar Site<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>(recognized\n     wetland of international importance)<\/strong>&nbsp;because the wetland is a key\n     wintering area for tens of thousands of flamingos and other birds that\n     migrate from northern Asia.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Avian botulism:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Botulinum is a natural\ntoxin produced by a bacterium known as&nbsp;<em>Clostridium botulin.&nbsp;<\/em>It\nproduces the toxin when it starts reproducing.<\/li><li><em>The bacterium is&nbsp;<\/em>commonly found in the soil, river, and sea water. There are\naround eight types \u2014 A, B, C<sub>1<\/sub>, C<sub>2<\/sub>, D, E, F, and G \u2014 of\nBotulinum toxin.<\/li><li>They are distinguishable\nwhen diagnosed. But all types of toxins attack the neurons, which leads to\nmuscle paralysis.<\/li><li>Botulinum affects both humans\nand animals but the type of the toxin varies \u2014 botulinum C in birds and A, B\nand E in humans.&nbsp; The toxin has been recognised as a major cause of\nmortality in wild birds since the 1900s.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/news\/climate-change\/avian-botulism-killed-18-000-birds-at-sambhar-govt-report-67866\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/news\/climate-change\/avian-botulism-killed-18-000-birds-at-sambhar-govt-report-67866<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/other-states\/avian-botulism-reason-for-bird-deaths\/article30043219.ece\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/other-states\/avian-botulism-reason-for-bird-deaths\/article30043219.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/india\/story\/avian-botulism-migratory-birds-death-sambhar-lake-rajasthan-1621433-2019-11-22\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/india\/story\/avian-botulism-migratory-birds-death-sambhar-lake-rajasthan-1621433-2019-11-22<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Question: Recently in which of the following lakes of India, case of Avian Botulism has been witnessed? (a) Chilka (b) Sambhar (c) Tso Moriri (d) Vembnad Answer: (b) Related facts: Avian botulism killed over 18,000 birds in and around Rajasthan\u2019s Sambhar lake, the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, said in a report released on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":87043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1131],"tags":[2377],"class_list":["post-87042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dssn","tag-defensescience-short-notes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87042\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/87043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=87042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.edristi.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=87042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}